MLA CAPSTONE SEQUENCE 

This review of literature will fall into six micro-moments; ON 2025, FROM THERE TO HERE, ON THE PROLIFERATION OF PROFLIGACY, ON LANGUAGE, ANCIENT ALCHEMICAL SOLUTIONS, and FROM HERE TO THERE, that frame a larger moment about unintelligent design choices, what can be done differently at a meaningful speed and scale, and how we might seek to co-create solutions as landscape architects, uniquely positioned to address complex ecological and social issues, working within multi-disciplinary worlds.

 

ON 2025

 

1.In March, EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin announced 31 deregulatory actions, stating that, “Today is the greatest day of deregulation our nation has seen. We are driving a dagger straight into the heart of the climate change religion to drive down cost of living for American families, unleash American energy, bring auto jobs back to the U.S. and more.” (EPA.org)

 

2.In April, Environmental justice was ‘terminated’. Executive Order 14281, “Restoring Equality of Opportunity and Meritocracy,” has been signed, the Trump administration has tampered with one of the most important civil rights enforcement tools of the last fifty years known as, disparate impact liability. Meaning, “For decades, disparate impact theory has enabled agencies to investigate and remedy policies that, while race-neutral on their face, produce discriminatory outcomes—whether in employment, housing, education, environmental regulation…It reflects the reality that racism in America often functions structurally, not just individually.” (Greenwald, 2025.)

 

3.In November, no U.S. national representation at the COP30 UN Climate Conference in Belem, Brazil. (Meidas Touch Network, 2025)

 

As a future professional in the field of Landscape Architecture, this alarms me. If there ever was a time for radical solutions and regional action, it would be now. It is my hope that this project is another offering to the counterculture of thinkers, makers, scavengers, and bricoleurs. May this join the vision for a future that works for the health of all beings, ruled by stewardship, and bound by responsibility and reciprocity to the flows that sustain us, or destroy us.

 

FROM THERE TO HERE

 

The earliest known sites of waste deposits date back to 3,000 BCE, marking the first known ‘landfill’ in Knossos, Crete. There was even a garbage law from ancient Athen’s, Greece prohibiting locals from dumping trash in the roads, dating back to 500 BCE. (Mondol, 2023.) Clearly, human debris (waste) is not a new concept. However, it is becoming a modern-day crisis, based on new age materials and the scale and speed at which it is engineered and promptly discarded. The history of solid waste in America is tied to cash, closely tracking and reflecting the undulating status of our nation’s wealth and prosperity. (Dunson, 1999.)

 

If we could travel back in time to 18th century America, we would see a very different set of cultural values and societal practices regarding our materials. Susan Strasser, author of the book, Waste and Want, shares of America’s frugality during the 18th century and the extent to which people avoided wasting things. Be it the rag trade due to the demand for papermaking material, food scraps that made the dinner for the chickens, or items that were of no further use to anyone were burned as natural, non-toxic fuel. (Dunson, 1999.) Dunson speculates this trend in material mindfulness could have come from several factors including economic leanness of the times practices of first-generation Americans immigrants or the successful nature of local and regional recycling networks at the time. (Dunson, 1999.)Yet, by the 19th century, city streets were far from clean, any trash that was collected was generally discarded into rivers, lakes and oceans. Local animals; vultures, pigs, goats and stray dogs were often protected by law for their services as the garbage disposals of the city. However, the “Age of Sanitation” began in 1842, spurred by a study from the UK tying sickness to unsanitary environmental conditions. Clean up campaigns began. (Mondal, 2023.) By 1902, municipal solid waste collection was prevalent among 79% of all U.S. cities. (Dunson, 1999.) Historically, waste collection jobs were relegated to immigrants and people of color. (Many of the garbage men I see today are still black and brown. Apparently, we still relegate those at the bottom; economically, socially, or racially to this type of work. Because why not pay to have ‘trash’, deal with the trash.)

 

As the growth of markets for new products was born in America, it became dependent on the continuous disposal of old things. Which became the flavor of the economy at the turn of the 20th century. Slowly, municipal trash collection programs literally existed to encourage middle class people to throw away. Between 1899 and 1927, the horsepower of industrial machinery quadrupled, and the volume of production nearly tripled. This societal shift of abundant goods at cheaper prices began to compete with the makeshift, the homemade and the handmade. (Dunson, 1999.) During the Depression, House and Garden editor Richardson Wright, published a 1930 article claiming that the way to maintain prosperity was to keep the machines working. This logic meant that man could labor and earn wages, which defined ‘a good citizen’ as one that does not repair the old, instead seeks to buy anew. For the sake of prosperity. (Dunson, 1999.)

 

By the 1950’s, modern engineered landfills were developed. These new systems employed bottom liners, water drainage, leachate collection and methane capture systems. These engineered mounds, created by the rudimentary method of applying garbage to the landscape in thin lines, crushing it to a minimum possible volume and then covering it with a layer of topsoil. (Mondal, 2023.) These practices and cultural values are deeply buried in American consciousness, the complexity of the beliefs, behaviors and stigmas around waste continue to drive us further into a trap of trying to erase the problem, rather than face the problem.

 

Gary Gardner builds on this discourse in his book, Recycling Organic Waste: From Urban Pollutant to Farm Resource, Gardener defines how cities have become amputated from the body of circularity. Without the need for the farm field to receive compost and manure, as those who used to dwell on the farm are now concentrated within urbanized spaces, and manufactured liquid fertilizer can now be shipped to the farm instead. Daily human debris becomes spatially and economically disconnected from the landscape. Be it food waste, human excrement, or packaging material, cities have embraced linearity and the neatness of nested and scaled operations that serve one purpose and no longer are in relationship with complex living and ecological entanglements. Like food waste and farm fields. Or rags and papermaking. Closed loop linear material flows are creating a cascade of issues, because these systems are meant to be cyclical, by design. (Gardener, 1997.)

 

ON THE PROLIFERATION OF PROFLIGACY

 

Did you know that 90% of the materials extracted to make durable goods in the U.S. becomes waste almost immediately? (McDonough, 2018.) Or that U.S. spending on prisons, probation and parole has nearly quadrupled over the past 20 years, making it the fastest-growing budget item in the U.S. after Medicaid? (Jenkins, 2016.) I repeat, solid waste and carceral systems in America are tied to cash. It is big business. Privatization of waste collection and processing between 1955 and 1975 grew from 45% to almost 67%, while public providers decreased from 55% to 33% during the same period. (Dunson, 1999.) When the Fresh Kills landfill on Staten Island outside of New York City closed in 2003, Virginian landfills stood to make millions of dollars as hundreds of thousands of tons of waste would be imported annually. (Dunson, 1999.) According to a recent World Bank report, roughly USD 205 billion was spent on waste management worldwide in 2010, and it is predicted that costs will increase to reach USD 375 billion by 2025.

 

These amounts are not surprising, seeing how an estimated 85% of global waste is destined for landfilling or open dumping, while only 15% of the collected waste is circularly recycled. (Zaman, 2022.) These waste systems (and carceral systems too) continue for the cash, for the prosperity, for the GDP outputs. There is economic incentive to continue down these paths. Economic incentive isn’t innately bad if we could only incentivize smarter practices. These systems are unintelligently designed, and it is urgently time for a paradigm shift.

 

William McDonough, architect and regenerative designer, points to the main human perils that he believes are driving the causal chain of dysfunction within modern, Westernized societies; consumerism, consumption, and modifying our environment. (McDonough, 2002.) To meet the demands of modern commerce, the Industrial Revolution’s first design goal was that of maximum efficiency. In other words, it measured (and still does) prosperity by how much natural capital you could cut down, dig up, bury, burn or otherwise destroy. McDonough employs industrial agriculture to explain how humans have transformed something that was dynamic, complex, interconnected, life-giving- into a deformed, artificial system, requiring regular and significant chemical brute force to eliminate all unwanted pests, creating soil that is depleted and saturated with toxic chemicals, and then becomes a true fright to local residents who just wanted to live and raise families in a ‘healthy’ rural setting. While the economic payoff grows, the overall quality of every aspect of the larger system shrinks. (McDonough, 2002.)

 

McDonough argues that the problem is not agriculture per se, rather it is the narrowly focused goals of the operation. It becomes a ‘simplifier’ of ecosystems, it employs brute force, scalability and universal applicability. McDonough points out that universal design solutions do not ‘fit’ all scenarios and needs, as they often ignore natural and cultural diversity. (McDonough, 2018.) Anna Tsing, prominent American anthropologist and professor, builds upon this dialogue of scalability. She acknowledges the dysfunctional relationship we have to precision as human beings, that is it something disturbingly beautiful, yet we know it will ultimately fail us. Scalability is everywhere, in business, development, the “conquest of nature”, and, more generally, world making. (Tsing, 2012.)

 

Tsing advocates for ‘non-scalability' and investigates the naturalization of expansion as the way for humans to inhabit the earth and asks why people have called expansion “growth” as if it were a biological process. Because it’s not. Tsing asks, how do you keep project inputs standardized, self-contained, and unable to form relationships? (Tsing, 2012.) Autonomous, interchangeable units can easily be conditioned into slaves of hegemonic systems. This is how we extinguish transformative relationships that create the basis for diversity; ecologically, socially, culturally.

 

The definition of GDP, another narrowly focused operation, one that measures progress by activity, only economic activity, is another product of scalability. McDonough states the sharp rise in GDP following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1991. Upon his analysis, he asks, who would call the effects of an oil spill, progress? By this definition, car accidents, hospital visits, illnesses (cancer), and toxic spills are all signs of prosperity. (McDonough, 2018.) This economic metric fails to factor in the loss of resources, cultural depletion and negative social and environmental effects. It is part of what is known as, intergenerational remote tyranny, the tyranny over future generations through the effects of our actions today. (McDonough, 2018.) I argue that the prison industrial complex and the waste industrial complex both follow a similar line of thought. They both employ brute force, scalability and universal applicability. Both are unintelligently designed, and why not, in the words of McDonough, choose to leave a positive design legacy instead?

 

John T. Lyle, a pioneer of regenerative and sustainable practice and design, argues that landfills, even with all their technological improvements over the past few decades, such as heavy plastic liners to seal off from groundwater interactions (in theory) and that are expected to maintain at least 30-year lifespans. Yet, decomposition cycles for the materials housed within are likely to persist for hundreds of years, if not more (such as plastics). Lyle claims that landfills do not facilitate nature’s recycling processes, and that it is a degenerative way of dealing with waste, they are a means for wasting waste. Lyle also points to the relatively dry, anerobic conditions inside landfills, creating perfectly poor conditions for the microorganisms needed to decompose these materials at the proper speed and scale. (Lyle, 1994.)

 

It is worth noting, roughly 50,000 (50%) of U.S. landfill facilities are located in coastal areas or on wetlands, never having had to consider meeting sea level rise and extreme storm surge events upon their construction. Originally sited in these areas due to the ‘wasted’ land status of wetland areas. Historically, wetlands and low-lying bottomlands were categorized as undesirable for development. (Lindorff, 2021.) Max Liboiron, American professor of geography and author of Pollution is Colonialism and Discard Studies, discusses in, Redefining pollution and action, The Matter of plastics, the unpredictable and complex materialities in the 21st century, largely plastics and how they evade most of our knowledge about pollution. Plastics and their associated chemicals are upending regulatory models, research methods, and modes of action due to their ubiquity, longevity, and production scale. (Liboiron, 2016.) Liboiron urges us to consider the need to attend to the physical characteristics of matter if we, as researchers, are going to describe problems and contribute solutions. (Liboiron, 2016.) It is also worth noting, Eastern U.S. cities lack landfill space. This has created more pressure on Eastern waste networks. A city like Philadelphia for example, exports trash to eastern Ohio and northern Virginia, New York houses all of Massachusetts trash and Virginia takes a significant portion of New York State’s trash. I’ve always wanted to see a map of where your waste really goes to be finally buried, burned or where it floats by into the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Eastern cities even routinely propose exporting trash to nonindustrial countries in South America and Africa. (Lyle, 1994.)

 

The public health effects from our degenerative designed waste practices point us to another place on the list of reasons why we must challenge our ways. Who often carries the burden of these hazardous and polluted places? The burden of prosperity is a highly toxic and marginalized story, not only does the environment herself become a victim, black and brown people do too. According to the Toxic Waste and Race study, the first national investigation to correlate waste facility sites and demographic characteristics from the Commission for Racial Justice- found that race was to be the most potent variable in predicting where these facilities (i.e. polluting facilities) are located, more powerful than poverty, land values, and home ownership. (Bullard, 2008.) Robert Bullard, the father of environmental justice, defines social justice in three parts; environmental, economic and public health, claiming that social justice cannot be successfully declared unless it achieves all three distinctions.

 

Similarly, Laura Pulido discusses that the state should not always be assumed to be an ally in, State Regulation and Environmental Justice: The Need for Strategy Reassessment. Pulido calls out the reality that “despite 30 years of activism and over 20 years since Clinton’s Executive Order 12898, poor communities and communities of color are still continuously overexposed to environmental harms.” (Pulido, 2016.) The environmental justice movement has made positive impacts; yet she argues that this movement has not substantially improved the environmental quality of vulnerable populations. In large part due to the vague definitions that constitute success or failure, in addition to a lack of backbone at the State level that does not effectively enforce policy and hold corporate entities accountable. (Pulido, 2016.) The constant evasion and corruption enmeshed in these disputes continues to stall progress for actualizing public and environmental health goals.

 

ON LANGUAGE

 

Language represents values, identities and worldviews. Most of our difficulty with waste is embedded into the word itself. Waste is defined as a material considered worthless, and to be thrown away. It is largely a human invention, an essential component to one-way flowing systems. (Lyle, 1994.) If it is a human invention and construction of culture, it can be redesigned in a new way, assuming those profiteering from the current system would share in this vision. As Lyle argues, nature always reuses, it is the natural order of ecosystems. It is when the chemical composition of the materials is not compatible with nature’s reprocessing strategies, and when their volumes are beyond the processing capacity of the landscape, the sink side of the flow equation then becomes overloaded with inputs that cause pollution overload. (Lyle, 1994.) Gardeners argue that recycling will require that organic material be embraced as a resource, rather than rejected as a waste product. (Gardener, 1997.) Even recently, the new age concept of ‘zero-waste’ acknowledges that waste is a “misallocated resource” or “resource in transition”, subject to actions like reusing, recycling, reassembling, reselling, redesigning and reprocessing. (Zaman, 2022.)

 

Those with creative vision or genuine socio-economic need seem to find value in reusing and reprocessing materials. Mira Engler, landscape architect, points to interviews that Venri Greenfield conducted with artists who use junk as their preferred medium, stating a variety of reasons for their motivation to do so; spurred by some economic, utilitarian, artistic, or political motive, alone or in combination with others, others spoke of choosing an ‘independent life’, countering capitalistic consumerism or intentionally refusing standardization and specialization. (Engler,2004.) Martin Pawley, British architect, stressed the need to give second-use materials genuine and dignified identity; to avoid the inevitable stigma of secondhand material, he believed this identity is crucial to their acceptance by mass-consumer culture. (Engler, 2004.)

 

We still see the scavengers of today, those who have filled the back of truck beds sky high with scrap metal as they drive from neighborhood to neighborhood, those on foot carrying bags two or three times their size of bottles and cans or the vacant lot turned spontaneous compost operation and community garden. We associate most reuse with second class or second-rate people, places or things. I believe some people in society are part of a counterculture that is intentionally, or unintentionally due to socio-economic realities, participating in a different kind of consumerism. One that wastes as little as possible. I argue for a new paradigm where circularity is celebrated, and wastefulness is shameful.

 

ANCIENT ALCHEMICAL SOLUTIONS

 

We know our designed material flows and waste systems are failing us. Human engineering is capable of so much more, if we might allow the laws of nature to have a hand in our designs. Zaman calls for an urgently needed paradigm shift to address growing global challenges, presenting an analysis of the concept of ‘zero-waste’ as a new sustainability paradigm. Since the China Waste Ban in 2018, countries worldwide have been experiencing challenges to manage waste locally. Innovative ideas and solutions are urgently needed to overcome the current waste crisis. (Zaman, 2022.) A return to the ancient, alchemical solutions that have already been working for some time, without our interference, are needed more than ever.

 

Engler talks about, true scavengers in her book, Designing America’s Waste Landscapes, declaring that, artists creativity, imagination and manual dexterity make them true scavengers. The French call this practice, bricolage, meaning tinkering or the work of a putterer. The Bricoleur assembles materials and objects for future use and considers projects based on what is at hand. (Engler, 2004.) I see a bricoleur in every landscape architect, architect, professor, artist, regenerative development and design professional, community-based leader, and research associate that has informed this research. Pamela Mang and Bill Reed, both practitioners of regenerative development who advocate for ecological worldviews and regenerative thinking, define regeneration as harmonization of and with the dynamic energies of nature, and that regenerative work can become a continual evolution of culture in relationship to the evolution of life. (Mang & Reed, 2011.) Those working on the build environment require a ‘new mind’ and an updated ‘consciously held worldview’ that shapes practice. (Mang & Reed, 2011.) Such as John Lyle’s worldview and how this allowed him to create his five regenerative design principles; 1.) Letting nature do the work, 2.) Nature as model and context, 3.) Aggregating, not isolating functions, 4.) Optimum levels for multiple functions and 5.) Matching technology and need. (Lyle, 1994.)

 

Patricia Johanson’s revolutionary integration of art, ecology and infrastructure encourages us to consider why nature should be relegated to a decorative amenity, when its true desire is to be functional and productive. Further, Johanson acknowledged that in nature everything is purposeful, asking, how do you organize it all so everything is enhancing everything else? (Kelley, 2006.) In addition, the work of landscape architect Julie Bargmann shows us how principles of adaptive reuse and mastering the art of bricolage works. Bargmann uses the genius of the site, elements of history, narratives of ecology, to clean up, re-invent and redefine spaces that have become toxic, neglected, or forgotten. Revitalizing them and letting them speak, working with what is found on site, and amplifying it. (Margolis & Robinson, 2011.)

 

Meg Calkins, landscape architect, catalogs safer, low-carbon, sustainable materials for the built environment. Calkins urges designers to take steps to specify conventional materials in such a way as to minimize their environmental and human health impacts. She explains that at some point in the future, we may have asphalt that costs less, is accepted as industry standard and is better for environmental and human health. Until then, as designers we can specify the asphalt be mixed with recycled aggregates; tires, glass or reclaimed asphalt, cool the mix and make it more porous. (Calkins, 2009.) Sandra Albro, research associate at Holden Forests & Gardens, has overseen dozens of experimental projects that test low-cost, low-maintenance community based urban greening projects across post-industrial rust belt cities of Gary, Indiana, Cleveland, Ohio and Buffalo, New York. All projects work to transform vacant lots into valuable community assets that contribute to the revitalization and community resilience, through managing stormwater and adding beauty and public recreation, all uniquely designed based on specific community input.

 

FROM HERE TO THERE

 

Projection models indicate that even with the most aggressive sustainability growth scenarios and drastic waste reduction by 30%, the global waste trends still show a waste peak occurring after 2075, indicating a prolonged waste increase until the end of this century. (Zaman, 2022.) How do we make sense of where we are and implement practices that honor the truth of things and face them, not erase them? Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord in Duisburg Germany embraces (not erases) the history of the site, once a network of steel and coal mining production, then becoming industrial ruins- rail beds, smokestacks, and polluted soils. Latz + Partners, the lead landscape architecture firm, explained that their goal was to consider these disturbed and complex conditions for their creative potential rather than as a nuisance that should be camouflaged. (Stilgenbauer, 2005.)

 

Contrast this experience with that of Fresh Kills on Staten Island, New York. A former landfill that was only supposed to be in operation, as urban planner Robert Moses stated, for a couple of years. Ian L. McHarg, author of Design With Nature, conducted a comprehensive study of Staten Island. McHarg formulated his theory when the landfill was working day and night in the 1970’s. McHarg concluded that Staten Island was not suitable for urbanization, proposing a nature preserve as the ideal land-use planning choice. However, Fresh Kills landfill operation soon filled in 2200 acres of what were once ecologically rich marshes and coastal wetlands. By 2003, after 50 years of operation, it reached capacity and operations ceased. New York City decided that this landfill would be transformed into a recreational park area. (Wilczkiewicz, 2017.) Field Operations landscape architecture firm was selected to be the lead designer for this project. This project is projected to be completed by 2030 due to the complex nature and scale and is estimated to become a multi-billion-dollar endeavor once all phases are complete. I’d like to understand why those multi-billion dollars cannot go into creating statewide solutions to the waste crisis instead of more concealment of the underlying issue. In addition to the Fresh Kills Park project, there are three other major developments occurring simultaneously; a vast shopping center, a ferris wheel, and a new hotel. (Wilczkiewicz, 2017.)

 

In Atiq Zaman’s article, Zero-Waste: A New Sustainability Paradigm for Addressing the Global Waste Problem, he outlines three pillars of working towards zero-waste goals. One; education and awareness, two; the industrial transformation of product design and manufacturing. And third; the role of global citizens, whose critical contribution can be in creating less waste in the first place during consumption processes. Zaman argues that without responsible global stewardship, visionary zero-waste goals can never be achieved. (Zaman, 2022.) Matthew Gandy, professor of geography, argues there is a need for a conceptually enriched urban political ecology, one that integrates history, sociology, critical landscape studies, more than human geographies, toxicology, epigenetics, and non-equilibrium ecosystem dynamics. (Gandy, 2022.)

 

If we as designers and builders have a major impact on complex global resources and systems, can we encourage holistic and eco-centric approaches to managing and understanding ecosystems? Can we recognize the complex relationships between humans and ecosystems at mainstream political, social, commercial and cultural levels? It is my hope, as a future landscape architect, to be part of the education and awareness critically needed to expand on these regenerative and holistic strategies to begin reimagining regional strategies for the waste crisis in New York State.

 

CITATIONS

 

Albro, Sandra. (2019). Vacant to Vibrant; Creating Successful Green Infrastructure Networks. Island Press. Print.

 

Braungart, M & McDonough, W. (2018). Cradle to Cradle. Vintage Classics. Print.

 

Bullard, Robert D. (2008). Environmental Justice in the 21st Century, Environmental Justice Resource Center, Pp 1-22. www.ejrc.cau.edu/ejinthe21century.html

 

Calkins, Meg. 2009. Materials for Sustainable Sites; A Complete Guide to the Evaluation, Selection, Use of Sustainable Construction Materials. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey. Print.

 

Dunson, Cheryl L. (1999) Waste and Wealth: A 200-Year History of Solid Waste in America. Waste Age, Vol 1, 60- 65.

 

Engler, Mira. (2004.) Designing America’s Waste Landscapes. The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland. Print.

 

Gardner, Gary. (1997.) Recycling Organic Waste: From Urban Pollutant to Farm Resource. The Worldwatch Institute. Worldwatch Paper 135, pp 1-51.

 

Gandy, M. (2021). Urban Political Ecology: A Critical Reconfiguration. Progress in Human Geography, 46(1), 21-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211040553

 

Greenwald, David. 2025. Trump Attempts to Gut the 1964 Civil Rights Act with an Executive Order. Vanguard News Group. Online. https://davisvanguard.org/2025/04/trump-executive-order-civil-rights/

 

Jenkins, Rachel. (2016). Landscaping in Lockup: The Effects of Gardening Programs on Prison Inmates. Graduate Theses & Dissertations. 6. https://scholarworks.arcadia.edu/grad_etd/6

 

Kelley, Caffyn. (2006). Art and Survival; Patricia Johanson’s Environmental Projects. Islands Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies. Print.

 

Liboiron, Max.(2016.) Redefining pollution and action: The matter of plastics. Journal of Material Culture, 21(1), 87-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183515622966

 

Lindorff, Dave. 2021. Coastal Landfills are No Match for Rising Seas. The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/coastal-landfill-climate-change/

 

Lyle, John T. (1994). Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development. John Wiley & Son’s, Inc, Canada. Print.

 

Mang, P., & Reed, B. (2011). Designing from place: a regenerative framework and methodology. Building Research & Information, 40(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.621341

 

Margolis, Liat. Robinson, Alexander. (2010). Living Systems, Innovative Materials and Technologies for Landscape Architecture. Birkhauser, Germany. Pp 114-117.

 

Mondal, Tridib. (2023). Landfill, An eclectic review on structure, reactions and remediation approach. Waste Management Journal. 14, 127-142.

 

Morhaim, Shelley. (2002). The Next Industrial Revolution. Earthome Productions, film.

 

Pulido, Kohl & Cotton (2016): State Regulation and Environmental Justice: The Need for Strategy Reassessment, Capitalism Nature Socialism, DOI: 10.1080/10455752.2016.1146782

 

Stilgenbauer, Judith. (2005.) Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord - Duisburg, Germany [2005 EDRA/Places Award -- Design]. Places, 17(3). Pp 6-9. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s88h5sd

 

Tsing, Anna. (2012). On Nonscalability: The Living World Is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales. Common Knowledge. Vol 18. Pp 505-524. Duke University Press.

 

Wilczkiwwicz, Malgorzata. (2017). Freshkills Park (Staten Island, NY) As An Example of A Polluted Area’s Transformation Into A Public Space. Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape. No 2. 133-147. 

 

Zaman, A. (2022). Zero-Waste: A New Sustainability Paradigm for Addressing the Global Waste Problem. In: Edvardsson Björnberg, K., Belin, MÅ., Hansson, S.O., Tingvall, C. (eds) The Vision Zero Handbook. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_46-1